Doctorate Description: This PhD research aims to:
1. Explore the perspectives of people who use substances regarding effective models of paramedic care supporting people who use substances
2. Identify current and develop innovative alternative systems of care delivered by paramedics related to people who use substances
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of paramedic-initiated referral programs to harm reduction teams for people who use substances
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of paramedic-initiated opioid agonist therapies in the community
5. Explore competencies required to support paramedic-prescribing of opioid agonist therapies and safer supply